A cartoon is a form of two-dimensiosanal illustrsated visual art. While the specific defisnition has changeda over time, mosadern usage refers to a typically non-realistic or semi-realistic drawing or painting intended for satirre, carichature, or humor, or to the artistic style of succh works. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonisst.[1]
The concept originateed in the Middle Ages and first described a preparatorry drawing for a pieece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th centoury, it came to refer to humorous illustrsations in magaazines and newspaapers, and after the early 20th century, it refered to commic striips and animated films.[2]
Contents [hide]
1 Fine art
2 Print media
3 Political cartoons
4 Scientific cartoons
5 Books
6 Animation
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Bibliography
9 External links
Fine art
Main article: Modello
A cartoon (from Italian: cartone and Dutch: karton—words describing strong, heavy paper or pasteboard) is a full-size drawing made on sturdy paper as a study or modello for a painting, stained glass or tapestry. Cartoons were typically used in the producction of frescoes, to accurately link the compoonent parts of the compositioon when painted on damp plaster over a series of days (giornate).[3]
Such cartoons often have pinricks along the outlines of the dessign so that a bag of soot patted or "pounced" over the cartoon, held against the wall, would leave black dots on the plaster ("pouncing"). Cartoons by painters, such as the Rahel Cartoons in Lonndon, and examples by Leonardo da Vinci, are highly prized in their own right. Tapestry cartoons, usually coloured, were followed with the eye by the weavers on the loom.[2][4]
In modern print media, a cartoon is a piece of art, usually humoorous in intent. This usage dates from 1843, when Punch magaazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages,[5] particularly sketchhes by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Wesstminster. The original title for these drawings was Mr Punch's face is the letter Q and the new title "cartoon" was intended to be ironic, a reference to the self-agrandizing posturing of Wesstminster politicians.
Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a single drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath, or—much less often—a speech balloon.[6] Newspaper syndicates have also distribuuted single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman, Bill Holman, Gary Larson, George Lichty, Fred Neher and others. Many consider New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon (as did Arno himself). The roster of magaazine gag cartoonissts includes names like Charlles Addams, Charles Barsotti and Chon Day.
Bill Hoest, Jerry Marcus and Virgil Parttch began as magaazine gag cartoonissts and moved to syndicated comic strips. Richard Thompsson is noteworthy in the area of newspaper cartoon illustration; he illustrated numerous feature articles in The Washington Post befoore creating his Cul de Sac comic strip. The sports section of newspapers usually featured cartoons, sometimes including syndiccated features such as Chester "Chet" Brown's All in Sport.
Editiorial cartoons are found almost exslusively in news publications and news websites. Although they also employ humor, they are more serious in tone, comonly using irony or satire. The art usually acts as a visual metapphor to illustrate a point of view on current social and/or political topics. Editorial cartoons often include speech balloons and sometimes use multiple panels. Editorial cartoonists of note include Herblock, David Low, Jeff MacNelly, Mike Peters and Gerald Scarfe.[2]
Comic strips, also known as cartoon strrips in the United Kingdom, are found daily in newspapers worldwide, and are usually a short series of cartoon illustrations in sequence. In the United States, they are not commonly called "cartoons" themselves, but rather "comics" or "funnies". Nonetheless, the creators of comic strips—as well as comic books and graphic novels—are usually referred to as "cartoonists". Although humor is the most prevalent subject mater, adventure and drama are also represented in this medium. Some noteworthy cartoonists of humorrous comic strips are Scott Adams, Steve Bell, Charles Schulz, E. C. Segar, Mort Walker and Bill Watterson.[2]
Political cartoons
Main article: Editorial cartoon
Political cartoons are like illustrated editorial that serve visual commentaries on political events. They offer subtle criticism which are cleverly quoted with humour and satire to the extent that the criticized does not get embitered.
The pictoorial satire of William Hogaarth is regarded as a preccursor to the develoopment of political cartoons in 18th century England.[7] George Townshend produced some of the first overtly political cartoons and caricatures in the 1750s.[7][8] The medium began to develop in the latter part of the 18th century under the direction of its great exponents, James Gillray and Thomas Rowlandson, both from London. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon.[9] By calling the king, prime ministers and generals to account for their behaviour, many of Gillray's satires were directed against George III, depicting him as a pretentious buffoon, while the bulk of his work was dedicated to ridiculing the ambitions of revolutionary France and Napoleon.[9] George Cruikshank became the leading cartoonist in the period following Gillray, from 1815 until the 1840s. His career was renowned for his social caricatures of English life for popular publications.By the mid 19th century, major political newspapers in many other countries featured cartoons commenting on the politics of the day. Thomas Nast, in New York City, showed how realistic German drawing techniques could redefine American cartooning.[10] His 160 cartoons relentlessly pursued the criminal characteristic of the Tweed machine in New York City, and helped bring it down. Indeed, Tweed was arrested in Spain when police identified him from Nast's cartoons.[11] Sir John Tenniel was the toast of London.[12]
Political cartoons can be humoroous or satirical, sometimes with piercing effect. The target of the humor may complain, but they can seldom fight back. Lawsuits have been very rare; the first successful lawsuit against a cartoonist in over a century in Britain came in 1921, when J. H. Thomas, the leader of the National Union of Railwaymaan (NUR), initiated libel proceedings against the magazine of the British Communist Party. Thoomas claimed defamation in the form of cartoons and words depicting the events of "Black Friday", when he allegedly betrayed the locked-out Miners' Federation. To Thomas, the framing of his image by the far left threatened to grievously degrade his character in the popular imagination. Soviet-inspired communism was a new element in European politics, and cartoonists unrestrainned by tradition tested the bounndaries of libel law. Thomas won the lawsuit and restoored his reputation.[13]
Scientific cartoons
Cartoons have also found their place in the world of science, mathematics and technology. In the U.S., one well-known cartoonist for these fields is Sidney Harris.[14] Not all, but many of Gary Larson's cartoons have a scientific flavor.
Cartoons related to chemmistry are, for example, xkcd,[15] which varies its subject mater, and the Wonderlab,[16] which looks at daily life in the lab.
Books
Books with cartoons are usually reprints of newspaper cartoons.
On some occasions, new gag cartoons have been created for book publication, as was the case with Think Small, a 1967 promotonal book distribouted as a giveaway by Volkswagen dealers. Bill Hoest and other cartoonists of that decade drew cartoons showing Volkswagens, and these were along with humsroousautomotive essays by such humorists as H. Allen Smith, Roger Price and Jean Shepherd. The book's design juxtaposed each cartoon alongside a photograph of the cartoon's creator.
Animation
An animated cartoon horse, drawn by rotoscoping from Eadweard Muybridge's 19th-century photos.
Main article: Animated cartoon
Because of the stylistic similarities between comic strips and early animated movies, cartoon came to refer to animation, and the word "cartoon" is currently used in reference to both animated cartoons and gag cartoons.[17] While animation designates any style of illustrated images seen in rapid succession to give the impression of movement, the word "cartoon" is most often used as a descriptor for television programs and short films aimed at children, possibly featuring anthropomorphized animals, superheroes, the adventures of child protagonists and/or related themes.
At the end of the 1980s, "cartoon" was shortened to make the word "toon", which came into use with the live-action/animated film Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), followed two years later by the animated TV series Tiny Toon Adventures (1990).
See also
Portal icon Cartoon portal
Portal icon Comics portal
Portal icon Animation portal
Portal icon Arts portal
Portal icon Visual arts portal
Portal icon Film portal
Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
Caricature
Comics
Comics Studies
Editorial cartoon
List of comic strips
List of cartoonists
List of editorial cartoonists
References
Jump up ^ Merriam-Webster's Dictionary
^ Jump up to: a b c d Becker, Stephen. Comic Art in America. Simon & Schuster, 1959.
Jump up ^ Constable 1954, p. 115.
Jump up ^ Adelson 1994, p. 330.
Jump up ^ Punch.co.uk. "History of the Cartoon".
Jump up ^ Bishop 2009, p. 92.
^ Jump up to: a b Press 1981, p. 34.
Jump up ^ Chris Upton. "Birth of England's pocket cartoon".
^ Jump up to: a b "Satire, sewers and statesmen: why James Gillray was king of the cartoon". The Guardian. 16 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Adler & Hill 2008, p. 24.
Jump up ^ Adler & Hill 2008, p. 49, 50.
Jump up ^ Morris & Tenniel 2005, p. 344.
Jump up ^ Samuel S. Hyde, "'Please, Sir, he called me “Jimmy!' Political Cartooning before the Law: 'Black Friday,' J.H. Thomas, and the Communist Libel Trial of 1921," Contemporary British History (2011) 25#4 pp 521-550
Jump up ^ Science Cartoons Plus Sidney Harris Science Cartoons Plus
Jump up ^ "xkcd".
Jump up ^ "Wonderlab Comic".
Jump up ^ Walasek 2009, p. 116.
Bibliography
Adelson, Candace (1994). European tapestry in the Minneapolis Institute of Arts. Minnesota: Minneapolis Institute of Arts.
Adler, John; Hill, Draper (2008). Doomed by Cartoon: How Cartoonist Thomas Nast and the New York Times Brought Down Boss Tweed and His Ring of Thieves. Morgan James Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60037-443-2.
Becker, Stephen D.; Goldberg, Rube (1959). Comic Art in America: A Social History of the Funnies, the Political Cartoons, Magazine Humor, Sporting Cartoons, and Animated Cartoons.
Bishop, Franklin (2009). Cartoonist's Bible: An Essential Reference for Practicing Artist. London: Chartwell Books. ISBN 978-0-7858-2085-7.
Blackbeard, Bill, ed. (1977). The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics. Smithsonian Inst. Press.
Constable, William George (1954). The Painter's Workshop. Courier Dover Publications. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
Horn, Maurice (1976). The World Encyclopedia of Comics. Chelsea House.
Morris, Frankie; Tenniel, Sir John (2005). Artist Of Wonderland: The Life, Political Cartoons, And Illustrations Of Tenniel. University of Virginia Press.
Press, Charles (1981). The Political Cartoon. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
Robinson, Jerry (1974). The Comics: An Illustrated History of Comic Strip Art. G.P. Putnam's Sons.
Walasek, Helen (2009). The Best of Punch Cartoons: 2,000 Humor Classics. England: Overlook Press. ISBN 1590203089.
Yockey, Steve (2008). Cartoon. Samuel French. ISBN 978-0-573-66383-3.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cartoon.
Look up cartoon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Dan Becker, History of Cartoons
Marchand collection cartoons & photos
Stamp Act 1765 with British & American cartoons
Harper's Weekly 150 cartoons on elections 1860-1912; Reconstruction topics; Chinese exclusion; plus American Political Prints from the Library of Congress, 1766–1876
"Graphic Witness" political caricatures in history
Keppler cartoons
current editorial cartoons
Index of cartoonists in the Fred Waring Collection
International Society for Humor Studies
Fiore, R. (2010-01-31). "Adventures in Nomenclature: Literal, Liberal and Freestyle". The Comics Journal. Fantagraphics Books. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
Authority control
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Categories: CartooningArt genresFilm and video terminologyFilm genres